A Cat Breed With A Gene Mutation Is Known For Its Cute Folded Ears (And Health Problems)

Scottish fold cats, also called "Lops," are famous for their distinctive folded ears, a trait that has made them one of the most popular cat breeds worldwide. However, behind this signature look lies a genetic mutation that affects more than just their ears. All Scottish folds with this trait carry a mutation in the TRPV4 gene, which weakens cartilage throughout the body. 

While this mutation creates their charming ear fold, it also causes Scottish fold osteochondrodysplasia (SFOCD) — a painful skeletal disorder leading to joint deformities, mobility issues, and early-onset arthritis. While all folded-ear Scottish folds develop some level of joint disease, the severity depends on whether the cat inherits one or two copies of the mutated gene. This condition doesn't just affect ear shape; it impacts the legs, paws, and tail, causing progressive joint damage. Researchers studying SFOCD identified the TRPV4 gene mutation as the root cause. Their findings confirm that this dominant genetic variant is responsible for the breed's skeletal abnormalities.

While some breeders try to reduce severe cases by only mating Scottish folds with straight-eared cats, the health risks remain unavoidable. This has led to growing controversy, with animal welfare organizations questioning whether it is ethical to continue breeding Scottish folds. Austria, Belgium, and Norway, among others, have banned their breeding, citing welfare concerns. Recently, there have been calls for a similar ban in the UK. If you're considering adopting a Scottish fold, it's crucial to understand their lifelong medical needs and the challenges they may face.

While it's widely known that a genetic trait causes the folded ears in the Scottish fold, this trait is also what leads to joint problems such as osteoarthritis. Fewer people realize that the mutation also raises the risk of other conditions. The soft, fragile ear cartilage can collapse the ear canal, trapping wax and debris and increasing the likelihood of chronic infections, inflammation, and, in severe cases, hearing loss. Beyond their ears, Scottish folds may develop jaw and skull malformations, resulting in crowded or misaligned teeth that can cause discomfort and raise the chances of periodontal disease.

Weak cartilage can extend to the airways, sometimes leading to noisy breathing, mild respiratory distress, or trouble tolerating exercise — particularly in hot weather. Compounding these issues, Scottish folds often adopt a lower activity level, increasing the risk of weight gain. Obesity places extra stress on already delicate joints and may contribute to diabetes or heart disease. As felnes are highly adept at hiding their symptoms and thus make it hard for us to tell if cats are in any pain, we owe it to them to give these deeper considerations. For Scottish folds, in particular, the depth and breadth of TRPV4's impact can't be ignored.

Before bringing a Scottish fold into your life like Taylor Swift has (and her cats lead seriously amazing lives), it's important to reflect on the long-term responsibilities tied to their unique genetic challenges. First, consider whether you can financially commit to potential treatments, including arthritis management, repeated veterinary visits, and any number of hidden costs of caring for this specific pet. 

Next, assess whether you're prepared to adapt your home environment by adding ramps or padded surfaces to reduce strain on fragile joints. Finally, think about your reasons for choosing this breed. If your priority is a healthy companion with few medical risks, exploring other cat breeds — or even adopting a mixed-breed or senior shelter cat — may be the kinder and more practical option.

While the folded ears of a Scottish fold can be irresistibly endearing, it's crucial to remember that this feature often comes at a high cost to the cat's well-being. Breeding purely for aesthetics can perpetuate genetic issues that lead to chronic pain and a diminished quality of life. Until future genetic research offers more reliable ways to mitigate these health problems, ethical breeding and fully informed ownership are paramount.

Always consult your veterinarian before making changes to your pet's diet, exercise, or care. To find an accredited veterinarian in your area, you can search the American Animal Hospital Association's online database.